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The medieval schools known as studia generalia served as the foundation for the modern Western university; They were well-known educational institutions that welcomed students from all over Europe. Attempts to educate clerks and monks beyond the cathedral and monastic schools spawned the earliest studia. The primary distinction between the studia and the schools from which they emerged was their inclusion of foreign scholars.

Giovanni d'Andrea giving a lecture at the University of Bologna Giovanni d'Andrea giving a lecture at the University of Bologna The first university in the West was a well-known medical school in Salerno, Italy, in the ninth century. It attracted students from all over Europe. However, it remained merely a medical school. Late in the 11th century, Bologna saw the establishment of the first genuine university in the West. It grew into a respected civil and canon law school. The University of Paris was established between 1150 and 1170, making it the first university in northern Europe. It gained notoriety for its theological education and served as a model for other universities in northern Europe, such as the English University of Oxford, which was well-established by the 12th century. Colleges were actually endowed residence halls for scholars at the Universities of Paris and Oxford.

The charters that these early universities eventually received from popes, emperors, and kings were corporations of students and masters. The first university to be established under imperial authority was the University of Naples, which was established by Emperor Frederick II in 1224. The first university to be established by papal decree was the University of Toulouse, which was established by Pope Gregory IX in 1229. As long as they did not teach heresy or atheism, these universities could run themselves. Master students and students elected their own rectors (presidents) collectively. Universities, on the other hand, had to pay for themselves as independence required. As a result, teachers charged fees and were required to please their students in order to earn a living. Dissatisfied students and masters could migrate to another city and establish a place of study there because these early universities lacked permanent buildings and corporate property. The University of Cambridge's history began in 1209 when a group of disgruntled Oxford students moved there. Twenty years later, Oxford made money when students from the University of Paris moved there.

University of Glasgow, Scotland University of Glasgow, Scotland Since the 13th century, numerous major European cities have had universities. In France, universities were established at Montpellier (beginning of the 13th century), Aix-en-Provence (beginning of the 14th century), Padua (1222), Rome (1303), and Florence (beginning of the 14th century), Salamanca (1218), Prague (beginning of the 13th century), Vienna (beginning of the 15th century), Heidelberg (beginning of the 13th century), Leipzig (beginning of the 14th century), Freiburg (beginning of the 14th century), Tübing

Most Western universities had a core curriculum based on the seven liberal arts until the end of the 18th century: music, logic, grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy The students then studied in one of the professional faculties of theology, law, or medicine. Last assessments were difficult, and numerous understudies fizzled.